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Self-organization is a process where some form of overall order or coordination arises out of the local interactions between smaller component parts of an initially disordered system. The process of self-organization can be spontaneous, and it is not necessarily controlled by any auxiliary agent outside of the system. It is often triggered by random fluctuations that are amplified by positive feedback. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized or distributed over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically robust and able to survive and, even, self-repair substantial damage or perturbations. Chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability. Self-organization occurs in a variety of physical, chemical, biological, robotic, social, and cognitive systems. Examples of its realization can be found in crystallization, thermal convection of fluids, chemical oscillation, animal swarming, and neural networks. == Overview == Self-organization is realized〔Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). ''Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations'', Wiley-Interscience, London. ISBN 0-471-30280-5〕 in the physics of non-equilibrium processes, and in chemical reactions, where it is often described as self-assembly. The concept of self-organization is central to the description of biological systems, from the subcellular to the ecosystem level. There are also cited examples of self-organizing behaviour found in the literature of many other disciplines, both in the natural sciences and the social sciences such as economics or anthropology. Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as cellular automata. Sometimes the notion of self-organization is conflated with that of the related concept of emergence.〔Bernard Feltz et al (2006). ''Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences.'' ISBN 9781402039164. p. 1.〕 Properly defined, however, there may be instances of self-organization without emergence and emergence without self-organization. Self-organization usually relies on three basic ingredients:〔Bonabeau, Eric; Dorigo, Marco and Theraulaz, Guy (1999). ''Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems.'' ISBN 0195131592. pp. 9–11.〕 #Strong dynamical non-linearity, often though not necessarily involving positive and negative feedback #Balance of exploitation and exploration #Multiple interactions 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Self-organization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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